Глава 5
Глава 5
1. См.: Brian Robinson, “Group Advocates Data-Driven Policymaking,” Federal Computer Weekly, April 23, 2007 (www.fcw.com/online/news/102541–1.html [October 2008]). См. также: Daniel Esty and Reece Rushing, “Governing by the Numbers: The Promise of Data-Driven Policymaking in the Information Age,” April 2007 (www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/04/pdf/data_driven_policy_report.pdf [October 2008]).
2. Billy Beane, Newt Gingrich, and John Kerry, “How to Take American Health Care from Worst to First,” New York Times, October 24, 2008, p. A27.
3. Фиды округа Колумбия и конкурс Apps for Democracy, см.: data.octo.dc.gov (December 2008).
4. О работе Комиссии по безопасности потребительских товаров с опасными игрушками рассказано в 2008 г. на семинаре сетевого управления в Стэнфорде. Была поставлена задача найти более эффективные способы вовлечения граждан, и одна группа студентов предложила эту идею. Презентацию идеи выложили на YouTube (www.youtube.com/watch?v=RpCN_ – rnFo [December 2008]).
5. Nate Ritter, “How Geeks Can Help in Disasters,” October 25, 2007 (blog.perfectspace.com/2007/10/25/how-geeks-can-help-in-disasters-san-diegofire-2007 [October 2008]).
6. Steve Lohr, “Google and IBM Join in Cloud Computing Research,” New York Times, October 8, 2007, p. 8.
7. Will Dick, “Virtual Alabama: Seeing the Sense in Sharing,” working paper, nGenera Insight (September 2008) (www.ngenera.com/convs/show/9421-measuring-government-2–0 [October 2008]).
8. Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (www.ffiec.gov/ [October 2008]).
9. Tyson Evans, “Charles Blow, NYT Visual Journalist,” April 1, 2008 (update.snd.org/news/entry/charles-blow-nyt-visual-columnist [October 2008]).
10. Edward Tufte, Envisioning Information (Cheshire, Conn.: Graphics Press, 1990), p. 12.
11. Steve Lohr, “Digital Tools Help Users Save Energy, Study Finds,” New York Times, January 10, 2008, p. C1.
12. Debate Hub (debatehub.c-span.org [October 2008]).
13. J. C. R. Licklider and Robert W. Taylor, “The Computer as Communication Device,” Science and Technology 76 (1968): 22.
14. Cass Sunstein, “The Daily Me,” in Republic. Com (Princeton University Press, 2001).
15. Arnold Pacey, Meaning in Technology (MIT Press, 1999), pp. 39–57 (discussing Alfred Crosby’s description of the “shift to the visual” in history).
16. Классический текст: Tufte, Envisioning Information. См. также: Stuart Card, Jock MacKinlay, and Ben Shneiderman, eds., Readings in Information Visualization (Academic Press, 1990).
17. См.: www.many-eyes.com (October 2008).
18. “Swivel: Where Curious People Explore Data” (www.swivel.com [October 2008]).
19. Tufte, Envisioning Information, p. 50.
20. См.: www.airnow.gov (October 2008).
21. См.: www.kitab.nl/tunisianprisonersmap (October 2008).
22. См.: www.freebase.com (October 2008).
23. См.: www.ashoka.org/changemakers (October 2008).
24. См.: www.delver.com (October 2008).
25. См.: www.naver.com (October 2008).
26. Erica Naone, “Mapping Professional Networks: IBM’s Atlas Tool Aims to Help Businesses Visualize Connections between Colleagues,” December 28, 2007 (www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/19985/?nlid=777&a=f [October 2008]).
27. J. M. DiMicco and N. Yankelovich, “Constellation: Using Visualization to Find the Path to Experts,” poster presentation, ACM conference, Organizational Computing and Groupware Technologies (Group 2007), November 2007 (www.joandimicco.com/pubs/dimicco-yankelovich-group07-poster-constellation.pdf).
28. Dawn Nunziato, “The Death of the Public Forum in Cyberspace,” Berkeley Technology Law Journal 20 (2005), p. 7.
29. David R. Johnson, “How Online Games May Change the Law and Legally Significant Institutions,” New York Law School Law Review 49 (2004): 51.
30. Micah L. Sifry, “Obama across America: Seeing the Big Picture” (www.techpresident.com/blog/entry/31556 [October 2008]).
31. См.: youtube.com/videoyourvote (October 2008). Партнерский проект с ACLU’s Voting Rights Project, BlackBoxVoting.org, Center for American Politics and Citizenship, Center for Governmental Studies, Center for the Study of the American Electorate, Citizen Media Law Project, Common Cause, Flip Video Spotlight, electionline.org, Howcast.com, Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights under Law, Overseas Vote Foundation, People for the American Way, Pew Center for the States, Rock the Vote, Video the Vote, Voto Latino, Why Tuesday? and Election Protection.
32. Конгресс в 1994 г. принял Закон об открытом правлении, обязывающий правительство проводить заседания федеральных агентств при открытых дверях, т. е. быть открытым для общественности. Закон затрагивает деятельность 50 учреждений, в том числе большинства регулирующих комиссий, и предусматривает создание нормативной базы для обеспечения открытости. Но требование открытости заставляет сотрудников, которые не связаны этими нормами, проводить заседания при закрытых дверях. Government in the Sunshine Act, P. L. 94–409, 90 Stat. 1241 (1976), codified at 5 U. S. C. 552 (b).
33. OMB Watch, “21st Century Right to Know” (www.ombwatch.org/article/archive/551 [November 2008]).
34. Freedom of Information Act, P. L. 89–487, 80 Stat. 250 (1966), current version at 5 U. S. C. 552 (1996).
35. Paperwork Reduction Act, P. L. 104–13, 109 Stat. 163 (1995), codified at 44 U. S. C. 3501–3520.
36. Darrell M. West, “Global Perspectives on E-Government,” in Governance and Information Technology: From Electronic Government to Information Government, edited by Viktor Mayer-Sch?nberger and David Lazer (MIT Press, 2007), p. 19.
37. The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (P. L. 110314) provides for the creation of a public database.
38. Jerry Brito, “Hack, Mash, Peer: Crowdsourcing Government Transparency,” Columbia Science and Technology Law Review 9 (2008): 119–122.
39. В докладе Университета Мичигана утверждается, что администрация следующего президента должна подтвердить свою приверженность расширению доступности правительственной информации услуг в Интернете. См.: National Quality Research Center, American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI). Согласно заключению центра от 28 октября 2008 г., E-Gov Satisfaction Index показывает высокую удовлетворенность граждан работой электронного правительства.
40. См.: www.public.resource.org/index.html (October 2008).
41. Carl Malamud, “The Importance of Being Edgar” (mundi.net/cartography/EDGAR/index.html [December 2008]).
42. James Grimmelmann, “Copyright, Technology, and Access to the Law: An Opinionated Primer,” June 17, 2008 (james.grimmelmann.net/essays/CopyrightTechnologyAccess [December 2008]).
43. Данные должны быть полными, предварительными, своевременно полученными, ясными, доступными для машинной обработки, недискриминационными, не связанными с правами собственности и нелицензированными. См.: “Got Data?” (wiki.opengovdata.org/index.php/OpenDataPrinciples [October 2008]).
44. David Robinson and others, “Government Data and the Invisible Hand,” Yale Journal of Law and Technology 11 (Fall 2008) (papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract_id=1138083 [October 2008]).
45. Web Content Managers Advisory Council, “Requirements Checklist for Government Web Managers” (www.usa.gov/webcontent/reqs_bestpractices/reqs_checklist.shtml [October 2008]).
46. См.: W. David Stephenson, “Automated Data Feeds Make Smart Regulation Possible Now” (www.huffingtonpost.com/w-david-stephenson/automateddata-feeds-make_b_128208.html [October 2008]).
47. Curtis W. Copeland, “Electronic Rulemaking in the Federal Government,” Congressional Research Service Report RL3421018, October 16, 2007 (www.opencrs.com/document/RL34210 [October 2008]).
48. См.: Darlene Meskell, “New Opportunities for Involving Citizens in the Democratic Process,” GSA no. 20 (Fall 2007): 2–4. См. также: Stephen Frantzich and John Sullivan, The C-Span Revolution (University of Oklahoma Press, 1996).
49. EPA Geospatial Data Access Project (www.epa.gov/enviro/geo_data.html [October 2008]).
50. National Neighborhood Indicators Partnership (www2.urban.org/nnip [October 2008]).
51. Cindy Skrzycki, “1,700 Pages of Rules, Fewer Dead Trees,” Washington Post, December 18, 2007, p. D3.
52. OMB Watch, “21st Century Right to Know,” p. 10.
53. См.: www.pugetsound.epageo.org/ (October 2008).
Данный текст является ознакомительным фрагментом.