Глава 4

Глава 4

1. Martha Lagace, “John Seely Brown Piece – Screen Language: The New Currency for Learning,” Harvard Business School, Working Knowledge: A First Look at Faculty Research, May 13, 2002 (hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/2930.html [October 2008]).

2. Более широкое обсуждение физического состояния и культуры см.: Beth Simone Noveck, “A Democracy of Groups,” First Monday 10 (December 2005) (www.firstmonday.org/issues/ issues10_11/noveck/ [December 2008]).

3. Мне нравятся метафоры, поэтому я назвала свой блог «Пирамида из камней» и в нем объясняю эту метофору (cairns.typepad.com/about.html [October 2008]). См. также: “The Deliberative Interface,” July 3, 2005 (http://cairns.typepad.com/blog/2005/07/the_deliberativ.html [October 2008]).

4. Steven R. Pearson and others, “Method for providing recovery from a failure in a system utilizing distributed audit,” U. S. Patent 5832203, November 3, 1998.

5. U. S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Applicant’s Consent to Third-Party Comments in Published Applications and Consent to Pilot Participation” (www.uspto.gov/web/patents/peerpriorartpilot [October 2008]). В соответствии с правилами USPTO заявки в Peer-to-Patent размещаются за четыре месяца. Поскольку заявитель должен за 30 дней дать согласие на публикацию, нередко заявка остается на сайте в течение трех месяцев вместо четырех.

6. “Peer-to-Patent First Anniversary Report” (early data about the project); “The Peer to Patent Project: Community Patent Review” (further information and updates) (http://dotank.nyls.edu/communitypatent [October 2008]).

7. Paul Broyles and Patrick Gibbons, “User-selectable, management-alertformat,” U. S. Patent 20070118658, May 24, 2007.

8. В конце первого года пилотного фазы проекта Национальный научный фонд вручил Peer-to-Patent грант на изучение влияния тегирования на участие граждан.

9. Древовидная схема была разработана Human-Computer Interaction Lab Университета Мэриленда (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemap [October 2008]). См. также: Ben Shneiderman, “Treemaps for Space-Constrained Visualization of Hierarchies” (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemap-history/index.shtml [October 2008]).

10. См.: http://peertopatent.org/patent/20070118658/discussion (October 2008).

11. “Third-Party Submission in Published Application,” 37 Code of Federal Regulations 1.99 (September 20, 2000).

12. “Image file wrapper,” U. S. Patent 20070118658 (http://portal.uspto.gov/external/portal/pair [October 2008]).

13. Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar (Cambridge, Mass.: O’Reilly, 2001), p. 30.

14. Бэйленсон – основатель Virtual Human Interaction Lab (http://vhil.stanford.edu [October 2008]). Его работы можно найти на том же сайте (http://vhil.stanford.edu/pubs/ [October 2008]).

15. Aaron Britt, “On Language: Avatar,” New York Times, August 10, 2008, p. MM12.

16. Jeremy N. Bailenson and others, “Facial Similarity between Voters and Candidates Causes Social Influence,” Public Opinion Quarterly (2008) (http://vhil.stanford.edu/pubs/2008/bailenson-facial-similarity.pdf [October 2008]).

17. Joan Morris DiMicco, “Changing Small Group Interaction through Visual Reflections of Social Behavior,” Ph. D. dissertation, MIT, 2005; Joan DiMicco and Walter Bender, “Group Reactions to Visual Feedback Tools,” paper prepared for the Second International Conference on Persuasive Technology, April 26–27, 2007, Stanford. Ее работы см.: www.joandimicco.com (October 2008).

18. DiMicco, “Changing Small Group Interaction,” p. 15.

19. WNYC, Brian Lehrer Show, “30 Issues in 30 Days” (www.wnyc.org/30issues [October 2008]). Использовались инструменты wiki, темы были определены заранее, голосование шло по результатам обсуждения в эфире. Проект был реализован в октябре 2008 г.

20. Noveck, “A Democracy of Groups.”

21. Steven Weber, The Success of Open Source (Harvard University Press, 2004).

22. Noah D. Zatz, “Sidewalks in Cyberspace: Making Space for Public Forums in the Electronic Environment,” Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 12 (1998): 149.

23. Joi Ito, “Leadership in World of Warcraft,” March 13, 2006 (joi.ito.com/weblog/2006/03/13/leadership-in-w.html [October 2008]).

24. Conference, Convergence of the Real and Virtual, May 9–11, 2008 (mysite.verizon.net/wsbainbridge/convergence.htm [October 2008]).

25. John Seely Brown and Josh Thomas, “The Gamer Disposition,” Harvard Business Review Online, February 14, 2008 (conversationstarter.hbsp.com/2008/02/the_gamer_disposition.html [October 2008]).

26. “The Group Brain Project” (http://groupbrain.wjh.harvard.edu/ [October 2008]).

27. Noveck, “A Democracy of Groups.”

28. Scott E. Page, The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies (Princeton University Press, 2007). См. также: Ray Reagans and Ezra Zuckerman, “Networks, Diversity, and Productivity: The Social Capital of Corporate R&D Teams,” Organization Science 12 (2001): 502; Jose Ramasco, “Social Inertia and Diversity in Collaboration Networks,” European Physical Journal: Special Topics 143 (2007): 47–50.

29. Northwestern Law School, “Northwestern Law Announces Accelerated JD, Other Proposals,” news release, June 20, 2008 (www.law.northwestern.edu/news/newsdisplay.cfm?ID=191 [October 2008]).

30. Stephen M. Kosslyn, “On the Evolution of Human Motivation: The Role of Social Prosthetic Systems,” in Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience, edited by S. M. Platek, T. K. Shackleford, and J. P. Keenan (MIT Press, 2006), p. 546.

31. Cass Sunstein and Richard Thaler, Nudge (Yale University Press, 2008). Это важное исследование поведенческой экономики иллюстрирует идею выбора архитектуры (характеристики, которые влияют на нашу склонность делать определенный выбор). См. также: Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice”, Science 211 (1981): 453–458.

32. “Godwin’s Law” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwins_law [October 2008]).

33. Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams, Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything (New York: Portfolio, 2006), p. 144; “Slashdot FAQ: Comments and Moderation” (http://slashdot.org/faq/com-mod.shtml [October 2008]).

34. Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody (New York: Penguin, 2008), p. 291.

35. Nancy Scola, “Public Submitted Thousands of Debate Questions Online, Not Millions (Updated),” October 8, 2008 (www.techpresident.com/blog/entry/31240 [October 2008]).

36. Netroots Nation, “Questions for Nancy Pelosi” (www.askthespeaker.org [October 2008]).

37. Ed O’Keefe, “Obama Asks Dean to Drop Restrictions on Debates” (voices.washingtonpost.com/channel-08/2007/05/obama_asks_dean_to_waive_copyri.html [October 2008]). См. также: Lawrence Lessig, “Free Debates: Round Two” (www.lessig.org/blog/2008/09/free_debates_round_two.html).

38. “E-Petitions” (petitions. number10.gov.uk/[October 2008]).

39. Neil Franklin, e-petitions project manager, interview by author, September 12, 2008.

40. “Feedback scores, stars, and your reputation” (pages.ebay.com/help/feedback/scores-reputation.html [October 2008]) (description of ratings system). См. также: “What Is Feedback and How Does It Affect My Reputation?” (pages.ebay.com/help/feedback/questions/feedback.html [October 2008]).

41. Peter Kollock, “The Production of Trust in Online Markets,” in Advances in Group Processes, vol. 16, edited by E. J. Lawler and others (Greenwich, Conn.: Elsevier, 1999). Разделение двух сторон сделки во времени или пространстве (например, покупка по почте или в кредит) несет большой риск: сторона, которая является второй в сделке, должна считаться надежной или потребуются какие-то иные гарантии. Формальная инфраструктура по управлению рисками довольно велика и включает в себя компании, выпускающие кредитные карты, структуры, определяющие кредитный рейтинг, независимые аудиторские фирмы, и – если дела идут плохо – налоговые органы и организации, осуществляющие правосудие.

42. International Business Machines, “IBM Sets Record for Most U. S. Patents Earned in One Year, Announces the ‘Inventors Forum’ to Collaborate with Small and Mid-Size Enterprises,” news release, January 11, 2007 (www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/20868.wss [October 2008]).

43. President’s Commission on the Patent System, “To Promote the Progress of Science and Useful Arts” (1966), p. 73.

44. Michael Liedtke, “Microsoft Backs Novell’s Linux Platform” (www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-11-02-windows-linux_x.htm?POE=TECISVA [October 2008]).

45. “Patent Litigation Run Amok,” December 21, 2007. Этот анонимный блог (Patent Troll-Tracker) был снят, так как автора не смогли идентифицировать. Копия в архиве.

46. “Todd Dickinson to Take AILPA Helm,” August 15, 2008 (www.patentlyo.com/patent/2008/08/todd-dickinson.html [October 2008]).

47. David Clark, “A Cloudy Crystal Ball: Visions of the Future,” July 16, 1992 (xys.ccert.edu.cn/reference/future_ietf_92.pdf [October 2008]). Полная цитата: «Мы отвергаем королей, президентов, участвующих в голосовании. Мы верим в грубый консенсус и изменчивый набор правил».

48. Biotechnology Industry Organization, “BIO Expresses Concerns Regarding New Patent Reform Legislation,” news release, June 19, 2007 (www.bio.org/ip/domestic/20070719.asp [October 2008]).

49. Peter K. Yu, “The International Enclosure Movement,” Indiana Law Journal 82 (2007): 859.

50. Richard Stallman, “Prior Art Won’t Solve the Software Patent Problem,” September 15, 2006 (www.linux.com/articles/57167 [October 2008]).

51. Peer-to-Patent, “Workshops and Events” (dotank.nyls.edu/communitypatent/workshopsandevents_locations.html [October 2008]).

52. ABA Committee on the Status and Future of Federal e-Rulemaking, “Achieving the Potential: The Future of Federal e-Rulemaking: A Report to Congress and the President,” 2008 (ceri.law.cornell.edu/documents/final-report-pr-2.pdf [December 2008]); Penn Program on Regulation, “Task Force to Federal Regulators: Open Your Doors to the Public and Let in More Sunshine: Transparency and Public Participation in the Rulemaking Process,” 2008.

53. Project on Law and Democratic Development, “International Working Group on Online Consultation and Public Policy Making” (www.reconnectingdemocracy.org [October 2008]).

54. Juerg Haefliger, William F. Bruckert, and James S. Klecka, “Tuning core voltage of processors,” U. S. Patent 20070174746, July 26, 2007; см. также: peertopatent.org/patent/20070174746/activity (October 2008).

55. Broyles and Gibbons, “User-selectable, management-alert format.”

56. Jack Harvey, “Results of Pilot: U. S. Patent and Trademark Office Perspective,” paper prepared for AIPLA spring meeting, May 14, 2008 (www.aipla.org/Content/ContentGroups/Speaker_Papers/Spring_Meeting/200812/Harvey-jackslides.pdf [October 2008]).

57. Jack Harvey, “Pilot Concerning Public Submission of Peer Reviewed Prior Art,” paper prepared for AIPLA spring meeting, May 14, 2008 (www.uspto.gov/web/patents/peerpriorartpilot/peer051408aipla.pdf [October 2008]).

58. “Method for configuring a wind farm network” (peertopatent.org/patent/20070255832/activity [October 2008]); “Recommending contacts in a social network” (peertopatent.org/patent/20080059576/activity [October 2008]).

59. Her Majesty’s Treasury, “Recommendation 23,” Gowers Review of Intellectual Property (November 2006): 85.

60. “Japan Patent Office Launches Community Patent Review,” July 28, 2008 (cairns.typepad.com/peertopatent/2008/07/japan-patent-of.html [October 2008]).

61. См.: Erica Naone, “Moving Freely between Virtual Worlds: Players Hope to Connect Their Separate Domains to Form a 3-D Internet,” MIT Technology Review, October 29, 2007, p. 2.