Примечания

Примечания

Глава 1

1. Одно из исследований показало, что стоимость патента увеличивает объем инвестиций в полупроводниковой промышленности. Если новая компания удваивает количество своих патентных заявок, скорее всего, она хочет добиться 24 %-ного роста стоимости активов на ранней стадии оценки. David Hsu and Rosemary Ziedonis, “Patents as Quality Signals for Entrepreneurial Ventures,” Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings (2008), p. 2.

2. Sealed crustless sandwich, U. S. Patent 6004596 (filed December 8, 1977; rejected in reexamination December 16, 2003).

3. U. S. Constitution, Article I, sec. 8, cl. 8.

4. U. S. Patent and Trademark Office, “Performance and Accountability Report Fiscal Year 2007” (www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/annual/2007/2007annualreport. pdf [July 2008]), p. 13.

5. См., например: Bioinformatic transaction scheme, U. S. Patent 20080208916 (filed May 1, 2008); Basic poetry generation, U. S. Patent 7,184,949 (filed May 10, 2002).

6. USPTO, Patent Examiner Qualifications (www.uspto.gov/go/ac/ahrpa/ohr/jobs/qualifications.htm [July 2008]).

7. Согласно Code of Federal Regulations 37, sec. 1.56 (известно как Правило 56), заявитель обязан действовать искренне и добросовестно, сообщая информацию в Бюро патентов. Это означает, что он должен раскрыть информацию об известном уровне техники, но не обязан искать ее.

8. Patent Act, 37 U. S. C., sec. 102 (2000) (novelty as a requirement of patentability).

9. Письмо Томаса Джефферсона Джозефу Хатчинсону от 12 марта 1791 г. См.: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 19, edited by Julian P. Boyd (Princeton University Press, 1974), p. 614.

10. USPTO website (www.uspto.gov/go/cio/oitp/[September 29, 2008]).

11. USPTO, “Patent Public Advisory Committee Meeting: Public Session, Feb. 9, 2007” (www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/advisory/acrobat/ppac_transcript_020907.pdf [August 2008]), pp. 13–15. См. также: U. S. Government Accountability Office, “Intellectual Property: USPTO Has Made Progress in Hiring Examiners, but Challenges to Retention Remain,” GAO-05–720 (2005), p. 28 («В зависимости от типа патента и уровня квалификации эксперт, как ожидается, может обработать в среднем 87 заявок в год, потратив 19 часов на каждую»)Kevin Maney, “Patent Applications So Abundant That Examiners Can’t Catch Up,” USA Today, September 21, 2005, p. B3.

12. Это число планируется довести до 1,4 млн в 2012 г. См.: USPTO, “Strategic Report 2007–12” (www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/strat 2007/stratplan20072007–2012.pdf [August 2008]), p. 11.

13. Federal News Radio, interview with John Doll, June 15, 2007 (www.federalnewsradio.com).

14. World Intellectual Property Organization, The World Patent Report: A Statistical Review (Brussels: United Nations, 2008), p. 23.

15. Solar Navigator.net, “IMDB: The Internet Movie Data Base” (www.solarnavigator.net/films_movies_actors/imdb_internet_movie_data_base.htm [September 2008]).

16. Oh My News International (english.ohmynews.com/index.asp [September 2008]).

17. Moon Ihlwan, “In Korea, NHN Makes Google a Midget,” Business Week Online, September 9, 2008 (www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/sep2008/gb2008095_505433.htm [September 2008]).

18. Asa Dotzler, “180 Million Firefox Users: Great Birthday Present,” June 5, 2008 (weblogs.mozillazine.org/asa/archives/2008/06/180million_fir.html [October 15, 2008]).

19. Beth S. Noveck, “Peer-to-Patent: A Modest Proposal,” July 14, 2005 (cairns.typepad.com/blog/2005/07/index.html [July 2005]).

20. Daniel Terdiman, “Web Could Unclog Patent Backlog,” July 14, 2005 (www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2005/07/68186 [October 2008]).

21. 2007 IBM Annual Report (www.ibm.com/annualreport/2007 [March 2008]).

22. James Bessen and Michael J. Meurer, Patent Failure (Princeton University Press, 2008), p. 22.

23. Linda S. Sanford, Let Go to Grow (New York: Prentice-Hall Professional Technical Reference, 2006), p. 4. Сэнфорд подсчитала, что лишь 16 % из 1008 крупных компаний смогли выжить за 36 лет – с 1962 по 1998 г.

24. USPTO Official Gazette Notice, “Pilot Concerning Public Submission of Peer Reviewed Prior Art,” June 26, 2007 (www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/ dapp/opla/preognotice/peerreviewpilot.pdf [October 2008]).

25. Nicholas Varchaver, “Patent Review Goes Wiki,” Fortune, August 16, 2006, p. 18; Alan Sipress, “Open Call from the Patent Office,” Washington Post, March 5, 2007, p. A1.

26. Peer-to-Patent website (www.peertopatent.org).

27. “Peer-to-Patent First Anniversary Report” (June 2008) (dotank.nyls.edu/communitypatent/P2Panniversaryreport.pdf [September 2008]), p. 6.

28. Carl J. Schramm and Robert E. Litan, “The Growth Solution,” American (July/August 2008): 3.

29. Jonathan Schwartz, “ZFS Puts Net App Viability at Risk?”. October 24, 2007 (blogs.sun.com/jonathan/entry/harvesting_from_a_troll [October 2008]).

30. Barack Obama, “Science, Technology, and Innovation for a New Generation,” November 14, 2007 (www.brackobama.com/pdf/issues/technology/fact_sheet_innovation_and_technology.pdf [October 2008]).

31. U. S. Chamber of Commerce, “Recommendations for Consideration by the Incoming Administration” (Washington: 2008), p. 7.

32. Jay Rosen, “The Future of Professionally Created Content,” Legal Futures Conference, Stanford University, March 8, 2008.

33. “Evolution of Security” (www.tsa.gov/blog [September 2008]).

34. Eric Schmidt, “Technology, Economic Growth, and Open Government,” New America Foundation, November 18, 2008 (www.newamerica.net/events/2008/eric_schmidt).

35. Thomas A. Kalil, “Leveraging Cyberspace,” IEEE Communications Magazine, July 1996, pp. 82–86.

36. Don Tapscott and Anthony Williams, Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything (New York: Portfolio, 2006).

37. IBM, “Majority of Global CEOs Plan Fundamental Change and Expect New Forms of Innovation to Drive Growth, According to IBM Study,” news release, March 1, 2006 (www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/19289.wss [October 2008]).

38. IBM Social Computing, “World Jam” (www.research.ibm.com/Social-Computing/WorldJam.htm [September 2008]); IBM, “IBM Invests $100 Millionin Collaborative Innovation Ideas,” news release, November 14, 2006 (www.03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/20605.wss [October 2008]).

39. Karim R. Lakhani and Jill A. Panetta, “The Principles of Distributed Innovation,” Innovations 2 (2007): 97–112.

40. Jeff Howe, “The Rise of Crowdsourcing,” Wired 14.06, June 2006 (www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.06/crowds.html [December 2008]), pp. 1–4; Jeff Howe, Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd Is Driving the Future of Business (New York: Crown Business, 2008), pp. 63–70.

41. Tapscott and Williams, Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything.